A void marriage is considered non-existent from the moment of celebration . Under the law, it is as if the wedding never took place . Because it is legally flawed, it can never be ratified by living together .
Common Grounds for Void Marriages
Underage Marriage : Marriages where one party is below 18, even with permission.
Unauthorized Officers: Marriages performed by someone without the legal power to solemnize marriages.
No Marriage License: Marrying without a legal marriage license (unless legally exempted).
Psychological Incapacity : When a party is mentally unable to comply with essential marital duties.
Prohibited Relationships: Marriages between direct relatives (e.g., siblings or descendants).
What is a Voidable Marriage?
In contrast, a voidable marriage is originally considered valid and effective until it is canceled by a judge. Unlike null unions, a voidable marriage may be validated if the injured party continues to live with the other after the defect is discovered .
Why a Marriage is Voidable
Underage Consent Issues: If a party is between 18 and 21 and wed without guardian permission.
Unsound Mind: If one spouse was of unsound mind at the celebration.
Deception: Consent gained through lies (e.g., void vs voidable marriage philippines concealing a pregnancy by another).
Vitiated Consent: If the union was coerced through threats.
Impotence: If either party is biologically unable to complete the marriage.
How They Differ
The fundamental differences lie in the standing and the time limits for filing.
| Feature | Void Marriage | Voidable Marriage | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Status | Never existed | Valid until annulled | | Ratification | Not possible | Possible via cohabitation | | Prescription | Imprescriptible | Limited period | | Legitimacy | Legally illegitimate* | Validly born |
Note: Under the Family Code, children of marriages declared void due to Psychological Incapacity (Article 36) are considered legitimate.
How to File
To legally end these unions , you must file a petition in court . For a void marriage, you seek a Judicial Declaration of Nullity. For a voidable marriage, you petition for an Annulment of Marriage.
Speaking with a specialized family lawyer in the Philippines is highly recommended to ensure your case is processed correctly.